The Avanti Group Japan Tobacco Sues Thailand Over Larger Health Warning Plan (1)

http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-06-25/japan-tobacco-said-it-sued-thailand-over-larger-health-warnings

Japan Tobacco Inc. (2914), Asia’s biggest listed cigarette maker, sued the government of Thailand over a plan to increase the size of health warnings on cigarette packages, claiming the move is unconstitutional.Thailand announced a plan in April to increase the size of graphic health warnings to 85 percent of the cigarette package cover from the current 55 percent.

Japan Tobacco filed a lawsuit in an Administrative Court on June 19 to block the plan, spokesman Hisashi Sekiguchi said in a phone interview yesterday. The proposal violates Thailand’s constitutional provisions guaranteeing freedom of expression, it said. The Bangkok-based court confirmed the Thai unit of the Tokyo-based company has filed a lawsuit against Pradit Sintavanarong, the country’s health minister and two other officials.

Tobacco companies are engaged in a global effort fighting government moves to curtail cigarette advertising and curb smoking through graphic health warnings and elimination of branding. Australia has prohibited any tobacco company markings on cigarette packages, with New Zealand planning to do the same.

“This announcement is strictly in line with the law,” Pradit told reporters in Bangkok today. “We will wait for the court decision without any interference.” He defended the government’s decision to change the regulation without consulting tobacco producers or retailers, citing World Health Organization guidelines that preclude tobacco companies from taking part in the process.

Philip Morris International Inc.’s (PM) Thailand unit said it would file its own suit before July 4.“The Ministry ignored our voice and the voices of thousands of retailers in enacting this rule,” Onanong Pratakphiriya, a spokeswoman for the company’s Thailand unit, said in an e-mailed statement yesterday.

To contact the reporters on this story: Joe Schneider in Sydney at jschneider5@bloomberg.net; Yuki Yamaguchi in Tokyo at yyamaguchi10@bloomberg.net; Suttinee Yuvejwattana in Bangkok at suttinee1@bloomberg.net

To contact the editors responsible for this story: Douglas Wong at dwong19@bloomberg.net; Stephanie Wong at swong139@bloomberg.net

The Avanti Group prcode81345782170 TAG:The Boiler House

http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/the-boiler-house.asp

Shell Boilers

Overview of the different types of shell boiler with layouts, heat and steam release considerations plus pressure and output limitations.

Use the quick links below to take you to the main sections of this tutorial:

Shell boilers may be defined as those boilers in which the heat transfer surfaces are all contained within a steel shell. Shell boilers may also be referred to as 'fire tube' or 'smoke tube' boilers because the products of combustion pass through the boiler tubes, which in turn transfer heat to the surrounding boiler water.

Several different combinations of tube layout are used in shell boilers, involving the number of passes the heat from the boiler furnace will usefully make before being discharged.

Figures 3.2.1a and 3.2.1b show a typical two-pass boiler configuration.

Figure 3.2.1a shows a dry back boiler where the hot gases are reversed by a refractory lined chamber on the outer plating of the boiler.

Figure 3.2.1b shows a more efficient method of reversing the hot gases through a wet back boiler configuration. The reversal chamber is contained entirely within the boiler. This allows for a greater heat transfer area, as well as allowing the boiler water to be heated at the point where the heat from the furnace will be greatest - on the end of the chamber wall.

It is important to note that the combustion gases should be cooled to at least 420°C for plain steel boilers and 470°C for alloy steel boilers before entering the reversal chamber. Temperatures in excess of this will cause overheating and cracking of the tube end plates. The boiler designer will have taken this into consideration, and it is an important point if different fuels are being considered.

Several different types of shell boilers have been developed, which will now be looked at in more detail.

Lancashireboiler

Sir William Fairbairn developed the Lancashire boiler in 1844 from Trevithick's single flue Cornish boiler. Although only a few are still in operation, they were ubiquitous and were the predecessors of the sophisticated and highlyefficient boilers used today.